Zȧrⁱ ačhar زٔرؠ اَچَھر •/ consonants
The Kashmiri Perso-arabic orthography is derived from the Arabic/Persian abjads, where in normal use the script represents only consonant and long vowel sounds. Kashmiri alphabet consists of 42 letters, which is normally written horizontally, right to left, however numbers and non-perso-arabic script text runs left to right.
Consonants:
ا ب پ پھ ت تھ ٹ ٹھ ث ج چ چھ ح خ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ ژھ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک کھ گ ل م ن و ہ ی ے
Aspirated consonants:
Six additional letters of the alphabet represent aspirated sounds. These are all written by combining a standard character with a following ھ (h)
Such as: پھ , تھ , ٹھ , چھ , ژھ , کھ (ph , th , ṭh , čh , ʦh , kh)
Related Words:
ačhur اَچُھر (sing) •/ ach:hur •/ letter, alphabet /
ačhar اَچَھر (plu) •/ ach:har •/ letters, alphabets /
ȧrⁱ ačhar •/ aeri ach:har •/ vowels /
A – اَ
a – اَ
ačhur اَچُھر (sing) : ach:hur •/ letter, alphabet /
ačhar اَچَھر (plu) : ach:har •/ letters, alphabets /
arab اَرَب : arab •/ billion /
akh sās akh اَکھ ساس اَکھ : akh saas akh •/ one thousand one /
al اَل : al •/ pumpkin, bottle gourd, squash
asun اَسُن : asun •/ laughter, smile Synonyms: wuṭh kumjār وُٹھ کُمجار : wuth kumjaar •/ smile
athü اَتھٕ : athui / Synonym: paṇjι پَنٛجہٕ
ā – ا / آ (aa)
āb – آب / water
āb gōš / āb gōsh آب گوش : aab gosh /a meat stew in milk (usually cooked with beef, mutton or venison)
āb päšʸ / āb päshʸ آب پٲشی : aab paeeshi, sag dyun. aab dyun / watering (plants or trees)
āb phírun آب پھِرُن : aab phirun / to pour water, to send water flowing or falling, as from one container to another, or into, over, or on something. E.g. āb gílās phírun (to pour a glass of water)
āb tāb آب تاب : aab taab, qaraar, hes hosh / tranquility, consciousness /
āb yun آب یُن : aab yun / mouth-watering (pleasing to the sense of taste)
ābí ātaš / ābí ātash آبِ آتَش : troš mízāz wōl / quick-tempered, irascible/
ābí kawsar آبِ کَوثَر : river Kausar flowing in Paradise , Pond of Abundance
There is a hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari where Anas ibn Malik (ra) narrates that the Prophet (saw) said,
Whilst I was walking in Jannah, I saw a river whose banks were domes of hollow pearls.” I said, “What is this, O Jibreel?” He said: “This is al-Kawthar which your Lord has given to you.” The angel struck it with his hand and its mud or its perfume was of the most fragrant (or pure) musk.
-Sahih al-Bukhari
ābí zulāl آبِ زُلال : sāf tü šọd āb, sāf tü šafāf āb / crystal clear water, potable water
ābrēz آبریز : urine. Synonyms: zal, fíš, müthür, pēšāb
ābü dām آبہٕ دام : aabi daam – fate
ābü hawa آبہٕ ہَوا : climate, weather, environment
āthwār آتھوار : aat:waar •/ Sunday /
āyastān – آیَس تان : aayastaan •/ anterior fontanelle/
ȧ – أ (ae)
ȧçh أچھ : aech / eye / KDV1-144
ȧçh peth nι måçh zιrvιn : أچھ پؠٹھ نہٕ مٔچھ زٕروٕنؠ (not to bear a fly on someone’s eye) to take good care of someone
ȧçharwāl أچھَروال / eyelashes KDV1-150
ȧçhgāš 01 أچھ گاش : eyesight / KDV1-169
ȧçhgāš 02 أچھ گاش : apple of one’s eye (: someone that one cherishes above all others, favourite person, beloved)
ȧçhgāş: aechgaash : أچھ گاش- eyesight /KDV1-169 Synonym: çåşíman hund gāş: چٔشِمَن ہُنٛد گاش
ȧçhnāṭh أچھ ناٹھ : wink
ȧçhṭíṭ چھ ٹِٹ : blink / Synonyms: Títιwār ٹِٹہٕ وار , ȧçhṭíṭιwār أچھ ٹِٹہٕ وار KDV1-149
ȧçhṭíṭιwār: أچھ ٹِٹہٕ وار : blink /KDV1-149, ṭíṭιwār or Åçhṭíṭ
ȧdam bastan andar chu sír آدَم بَستَن انٛدَر چُھ سِر A secret is (concealed) under the skin of man. Man is a make-up of mystery.
ȧnzím óṇgιj أنٛزِم اوٚنٛگٕج : index-finger Synonymntanelle (the upper-front part of the skull)
ȧn̂düram kuṭun أنٛدٕرَم کُٹُن – a portion of the intestines / a gut
ȧn̂düram lóʦh أنٛدٕرَم لۆژھ – a lump of intestine; hence, a portion of extruded intestine, the extruded intestine in hernia.
ȧn̂düram nōr أنٛدٕرَم نور •/ a tubular portion of the intestines.
ȧn̂düram أنٛدٕرَم : intestine
ȧn̂düraman gr̂an̂d karünⁱ أنٛدٕرَمَن گرَٛنٛد کَرٕنؠ •: Şhādatιç óṇgιj شہادَتٕچ اوٚنٛگٕج
ä – ٲ (aae)
äl ٲل : •/ cardamom
är ٲر : plum
äṭh ٲٹھ : •/ eight
اِ
اٟ
اُ
و or اوٗ
اۆ
او or و
اۄ
اے
اے
اؠے
ؠ
B – ب
ba – بَ
Bā – با
bōy بوے (sing) •/ boy •/ brother
beni بێنہِ •/ beyni •/ sister
P- پ
pa پَ
PH – پھ
pha پھَ
T – ت
ta – تَ
TH – تھ
tha – تھَ
Ṭ – ٹ
ṭa – ٹَ
ṭha – ٹھَ
Ṡ – ث
ṡa – ثَ
J – ج
ja – جَ
Č – چَ
ča
čha – چھَ
Ḥ- ح
ḥa – حَ
Kḥ – خ
kḥa خَ
kḥānü – خانہٕ : khaan’ι •/ family, children, household, dependents of a family
kḥāndān – خاندان : khaan:daan •/ family, household, dependents of a family. Synonym: Ăayāl عَیال : a’yaal •/ family, children, household, dependents of a family
D – د
da – دَ
da
Ḍ – ڈ
ḍa – ڈَ
Ẕ – ذ
ẕa – ذَ
R – ر
ra – رَ
D – ڑ
da – ڑَ
Z – ز
za – زَ
ʦ – ژ
ʦa – ژَ
ʦh – ژھ
ʦha – ژھَ
H – ھ
ha – ھَ
hu
S – س
sa – سَ
su – سُ
S / SH – ش
Ṣ – ص
ṣa – صَ
Ẓ – ض
ẓa – ضَ
Ṫ – ط
ṫa – طَ
ظ –
Ă – ع
Ăa – عَ
ăayāl عَیال : a’yaal •/ family, children, household, dependents of a family. Synonyms: kḥānü – خانہٕ : khaan’ι •/ family, children, household, dependents of a family. kḥāndān – خاندان : khaan:daan •/ family, household, dependents of a family. Synonym:
غ
ف
ق
ک
Käšír Kítāb کٲشِرکِتاب : Kaaeshir kitaab •/ Kashmiri book
کھ
گ
ل
م
ما
mās ماس : maas •/ Mother’s sister
māsu ماسُو : maasu •/ Mother’s sister’s husband
māstur bōy ماستُر بوے : maastur boay / boi •/ Mother’s sister’s son
māstür bëní •/ ماستٕر بێنہِ : maastir byeni / beni •/ Mother’s sister’s daughter
mām مام : maam •/ Mother’s brother
مامَنؠ mām •/ maam •/ Mother’s brother’s wife
مامتُر بوے māmtur bōy •/ maamtur boay / boi •/ Mother’s brother’s son
مامتٕر بێنہِ māmtür bëní •/ maamtir byeni / beni •/ Mother’s brother’s daughter
ن
و
ہ
ی
ے
References:
کٲشِرڈِکشَنری (۱۹۶۸–۱۹۸۰) جموں اینڑ کشمیر اکاڈمی آف آرٹ کلچَر اینٛڑ لَنٛگویجز (جِلد ۱۔ ۷) پروفسر ايس ۔ کے ۔توشہ خانی (چیف ایڑیٹَر) ، پروفسر جے ۔لال ۔ کول ، پروفسرمحی الدین حاجنی ، پروفسر پی۔این۔پُشپ ، اختر محی الدین
Toshkhani, S. K.; Kaul, Lal; Hajani, Mohiudin; Pushp, P. N.; Mohiudin, Akhtar. (1968–1980), Käšír Dictionary. The Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages.
کٲشِرکِتاب دۆیمہِ جمٲژ خٲطٕر (ایِڑشن ۲۰۰۶) دی جموں اینڑ کشمیر اسٹیٹ بورڈ آف اسکول ایجوکیشن
Käšír Kítāb 2006. Class (1-8) The Jammu & Kashmir State Board of School Education.
